There is 2 types of refrigerant already used in car industries, R12 and R134. R12 is banned in 1996 due to the effect it have on our earth ozone layer.
So for starter, refrigerant while still inside can, its continuously appear in gas and liquid form. The liquid will be in bottom of the can while the gas will be aboves the can. The nature of refrigerant which appear in gas and liquid form at the same time is because of the chemical properties the refrigerant have. So the great question begins, should the refrigerant fill in gas state? of liquid state?
This question depends on the charging port location in the car. While the high side port is always far away from the compressor, the low side port is the main factor to the question. Far away the low side port is from the compressor, the safer it is to charge refrigerant in liquid form. This is because, refrigerant in liquid form will carry compressor oil easily, while in gas form, it did not carry the oil.
Farther is the low side port from the compressor will make the refrigerant in liquid form have the time to expand into gas before it reach the compressor. While charging refrigerant, we did not want the compressor oil to directly carry away from the compressor by the refrigerant. Compressor oil is essential to compressor for lubrication, if the oil is carry away from the compressor and leave just a little inside, then the damage already been done after the oil return again to compressor.
This concept is suitable for charging while engine is off or running, because the liquid refrigerant will merge with the compressor oil and moving along when the compressor is working. So charging in gas state is the safest method although it will take a longer time to reach the full amount of refrigerant required by the a/c system.
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